Identify the architecture, determine the active operating mode, trace energy and torque flow, and prove whether the commanded path actually responded.
Safety boundary: This fictional module teaches architecture and evidence reasoning only. It does not authorize high-voltage access, disabling interlocks, isolation testing, connector removal, battery opening or invasive service. Follow current OEM procedures and qualification requirements.
Separate series, parallel, power-split, plug-in hybrid and battery-electric layouts by their real electrical and mechanical paths—not badges or marketing names.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
A hybrid or EV can be ready to propel with the engine stopped. READY, interlocks, isolation, temperatures, state of charge and faults determine whether propulsion is permitted.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Operating mode changes which source supplies wheel torque. In a hybrid, motor torque, engine torque or both may be active; in a BEV, one or more electric drive units supply propulsion.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Negative wheel torque can become electrical energy when the control system permits regeneration. Battery acceptance, traction limits, speed and brake demand determine how much regen is available.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Plug-in charging, engine-driven generation and regenerative braking replenish energy through different paths. Follow the active conversion path before judging a component.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Engine start/stop, clutch/coupler state, motor-generator role changes and torque blending are coordinated to keep wheel torque smooth while respecting system limits.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Capture driver demand, READY state, SOC, temperatures, torque commands, machine speeds and coupling states. Prove which path was requested and which path actually responded.
Foundation: recognize the mode. Technician: trace commands and responses. Deep: explain topology, limits and transitions.
Fuel and/or a traction battery provide stored energy.
Stores electrical energy and accepts or supplies power within control limits.
Depending on architecture, the engine may drive wheels, generate electricity, or do both.
Controls electrical power flow and machine torque; DC–DC conversion supports other voltage buses.
Can propel, generate, start the engine or blend roles depending on topology and mode.
Clutches, planetary gearsets, reduction gears and differentials define which torque paths can physically connect.
Coordinates torque requests, SOC, thermal limits, traction, braking and transitions.
Interlocks, isolation monitoring, crash status and faults can inhibit high-voltage or propulsion operation.
Normalized indices are teaching signals, not OEM specifications. Negative motor torque represents generating/regenerative direction.
SOC is adequate and temperatures are normal. EV-mode request is present, but an HV permission/interlock status remains inhibited.
Evidence gate: Evidence points first to the permission/safety branch rather than assuming the traction motor failed.
Motor propulsion is normal. Engine torque is produced, but commanded coupling never confirms engaged.
Evidence gate: Architecture evidence localizes the problem toward the mechanical coupling/control branch.
Brake demand is present, but battery charge-acceptance limit is active at high SOC; friction braking increases.
Evidence gate: Reduced regeneration can be a commanded energy-management response, not a brake or motor failure.
Driver demand rises; engine start is successful, but generator/motor torque actual remains well below command during the blend.
Evidence gate: Command-versus-actual evidence directs testing toward the electric-machine/conversion branch active during the transition.
Select Start.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
Instructor observes evidence-based performance; online completion alone is not practical competency.
This is a new first-pass 16.1 module. Earlier work is preserved as supporting context, not represented as a previously completed 16.1 course.